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Battle of Gembloux (1578)
The Battle of Gembloux took place at Gembloux, near Namur, Low Countries, between the Spanish forces led by Don John of Austria (''Spanish: Don Juan de Austria''),〔Morris p. 268〕 Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands, and a rebel army composed by Dutch, Flemish, English, Scottish, German, French and Walloon soldiers under Antoine de Goignies,〔''It was commanded by Antoine de Goignies, a gentleman of Hainault, and an old soldier of the school of Charles V.'' (Holland ). Grattan p.113〕 during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).〔〔 On January 31, 1578, the Spanish cavalry commanded by John's nephew, Don Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma (''Italian: Alessandro Farnese'', ''Spanish: Alejandro Farnesio''), after pushing back the Dutch cavalry, attacked the Netherlandish army, causing an enormous panic amongst the rebel troops.〔 The result was a crushing victory for the Spanish forces.〔〔 The battle hastened the disintegration of the unity of the rebel provinces, and meant the end of the Union of Brussels.〔Tracy pp.140–141〕〔Morris p. 274〕
== Prelude ==
After the terrible Sack of Antwerp by Spanish mutineers on November 4, 1576, Catholics and Protestants of the Low Countries concluded the Pacification of Ghent, to remove all Spanish troops.〔Tracy pp.135–136〕 The Spanish Tercios were in fact withdrawn to Italy in April 1577, after that the new Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands, the famous Christian knight, and half-brother of Philip II of Spain, Don John of Austria (victor of Lepanto), had signed the Perpetual Edict.〔Tracy p.137〕
However, in the summer of 1577, Don John of Austria (brandishing the motto ''In hoc signo vici Turcos, in hoc vincam haereticos'')〔Vicent p.228〕 began planning for a new campaign against the Dutch rebels, and in July, 1577, he took by surprise the Citadel of Namur without a fight. This action further destabilized the uneasy alliance between Catholics and Protestants. From December 1577, John of Austria, still based in Luxembourg, received reinforcements from the Spanish Lombardy. Some 9,000 battle-hardened Spanish troops under Don Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma (Duke after the death of his father, Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma, in September 1586), complemented by 4,000 troops from Lorraine under Peter Ernst, Count of Mansfeld, and local Walloon troops from Luxembourg and Namur.〔Vicent pp.227–228〕 By January 1578, he had between 17,000 and 20,000 men at his disposal.〔〔Grattan p.157〕
The Union of Brussels had 25,000 fighting men, but these troops were badly equipped and led, and above all very diverse: Dutch, Flemish, English, Scottish, Walloon, German and French, and religiously ranging from staunch Catholics to zealous Calvinists.〔
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